⚠️ This model has been superseded by cirimus/ultrabert-380M-go-emotions.
πŸ’‘ It is part of the collection Frontier BERT Workhorses.

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Overview

This model was fine-tuned from ModernBERT-large on the GoEmotions dataset for multi-label classification. It predicts emotional states in text, with a total of 28 possible labels. Each input text can have one or more associated labels, reflecting the multi-label nature of the task.

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Model Details

  • Base Model: ModernBERT-large
  • Fine-Tuning Dataset: GoEmotions
  • Number of Labels: 28
  • Problem Type: Multi-label classification
  • Language: English
  • License: MIT
  • Fine-Tuning Framework: Hugging Face Transformers

Example Usage

Here’s how to use the model with Hugging Face Transformers:

from transformers import pipeline
import torch

# Load the model
classifier = pipeline(
    "text-classification", 
    model="cirimus/modernbert-large-go-emotions",
    top_k=5
)

text = "I am so happy and excited about this opportunity!"
predictions = classifier(text)

# Print top 5 detected emotions
sorted_preds = sorted(predictions[0], key=lambda x: x['score'], reverse=True)
top_5 = sorted_preds[:5]

print("\nTop 5 emotions detected:")
for pred in top_5:
    print(f"\t{pred['label']:10s} : {pred['score']:.3f}")

# Example output:
# Top 5 emotions detected:
#        excitement : 0.915
#        joy        : 0.771
#        admiration : 0.021
#        gratitude  : 0.015
#        surprise   : 0.006

How the Model Was Created

The model was fine-tuned for 3 epochs using the following hyperparameters:

  • Learning Rate: 2e-5
  • Batch Size: 16
  • Weight Decay: 0.01
  • Optimizer: AdamW
  • Evaluation Metrics: Precision, Recall, F1 Score (weighted), Accuracy

Dataset

The GoEmotions dataset is a multi-label emotion classification dataset derived from Reddit comments. It contains 58,000 examples with 28 emotion labels (e.g., admiration, amusement, anger, etc.), and it is annotated for multi-label classification.


Evaluation Results

The model was evaluated on the test split of the GoEmotions dataset, using a threshold of 0.5 for binarizing predictions. The overall metrics were:

Standard Results:

Using the default threshold of 0.5.

Label Accuracy Precision Recall F1 MCC Support Threshold
macro avg 0.971 0.648 0.420 0.490 0.495 5427 0.5
admiration 0.946 0.713 0.708 0.710 0.681 504 0.5
amusement 0.982 0.813 0.822 0.817 0.808 264 0.5
anger 0.968 0.598 0.399 0.479 0.473 198 0.5
annoyance 0.939 0.461 0.203 0.282 0.279 320 0.5
approval 0.940 0.572 0.259 0.357 0.359 351 0.5
caring 0.977 0.583 0.311 0.406 0.416 135 0.5
confusion 0.974 0.583 0.320 0.414 0.421 153 0.5
curiosity 0.956 0.606 0.454 0.519 0.502 284 0.5
desire 0.988 0.674 0.373 0.481 0.496 83 0.5
disappointment 0.973 0.579 0.146 0.233 0.281 151 0.5
disapproval 0.953 0.543 0.258 0.350 0.354 267 0.5
disgust 0.982 0.694 0.350 0.465 0.485 123 0.5
embarrassment 0.994 0.706 0.324 0.444 0.476 37 0.5
excitement 0.982 0.525 0.301 0.383 0.389 103 0.5
fear 0.992 0.790 0.628 0.700 0.701 78 0.5
gratitude 0.990 0.952 0.898 0.924 0.919 352 0.5
grief 0.999 1.000 0.167 0.286 0.408 6 0.5
joy 0.981 0.740 0.565 0.641 0.637 161 0.5
love 0.983 0.809 0.803 0.806 0.797 238 0.5
nervousness 0.996 0.500 0.261 0.343 0.359 23 0.5
optimism 0.974 0.662 0.473 0.552 0.547 186 0.5
pride 0.998 0.750 0.375 0.500 0.529 16 0.5
realization 0.974 0.528 0.131 0.210 0.254 145 0.5
relief 0.998 0.000 0.000 0.000 -0.001 11 0.5
remorse 0.992 0.591 0.696 0.639 0.637 56 0.5
sadness 0.981 0.752 0.487 0.591 0.596 156 0.5
surprise 0.980 0.706 0.426 0.531 0.539 141 0.5
neutral 0.795 0.712 0.635 0.671 0.525 1787 0.5

Optimal Results:

Using the best threshold for each label based on the training set (tuned on F1), tested on the test set:

Label Accuracy Precision Recall F1 MCC Support Threshold
macro avg 0.968 0.567 0.533 0.543 0.528 5427 various
admiration 0.947 0.708 0.722 0.715 0.686 504 0.47
amusement 0.982 0.796 0.845 0.820 0.811 264 0.46
anger 0.967 0.547 0.495 0.520 0.503 198 0.38
annoyance 0.925 0.383 0.434 0.407 0.368 320 0.30
approval 0.927 0.433 0.436 0.435 0.395 351 0.27
caring 0.975 0.486 0.393 0.434 0.424 135 0.33
confusion 0.966 0.418 0.536 0.470 0.456 153 0.26
curiosity 0.947 0.499 0.606 0.547 0.522 284 0.37
desire 0.988 0.673 0.446 0.536 0.542 83 0.36
disappointment 0.967 0.386 0.338 0.360 0.344 151 0.27
disapproval 0.944 0.436 0.446 0.441 0.411 267 0.28
disgust 0.978 0.517 0.504 0.510 0.499 123 0.24
embarrassment 0.994 0.650 0.351 0.456 0.475 37 0.46
excitement 0.981 0.494 0.388 0.435 0.428 103 0.36
fear 0.992 0.736 0.679 0.707 0.703 78 0.39
gratitude 0.990 0.946 0.903 0.924 0.920 352 0.43
grief 0.999 0.333 0.333 0.333 0.333 6 0.16
joy 0.980 0.676 0.621 0.647 0.638 161 0.39
love 0.983 0.787 0.836 0.811 0.802 238 0.42
nervousness 0.996 0.500 0.348 0.410 0.415 23 0.35
optimism 0.972 0.591 0.559 0.575 0.560 186 0.29
pride 0.998 0.667 0.375 0.480 0.499 16 0.11
realization 0.962 0.283 0.269 0.276 0.256 145 0.17
relief 0.998 0.417 0.455 0.435 0.434 11 0.12
remorse 0.992 0.582 0.821 0.681 0.688 56 0.36
sadness 0.977 0.608 0.577 0.592 0.581 156 0.33
surprise 0.980 0.640 0.504 0.563 0.557 141 0.39
neutral 0.790 0.678 0.691 0.684 0.527 1787 0.44

Intended Use

The model is designed for emotion classification in English-language text, particularly in domains such as:

  • Social media sentiment analysis
  • Customer feedback evaluation
  • Behavioral or psychological research

Limitations and Biases

  • Data Bias: The dataset is based on Reddit comments, which may not generalize well to other domains or cultural contexts.
  • Underrepresented Classes: Certain labels like "grief" and "relief" have very few examples, leading to lower performance for those classes.
  • Ambiguity: Some training data contain annotation inconsistencies or ambiguities that may impact predictions.


Environmental Impact

  • Hardware Used: NVIDIA RTX4090
  • Training Time: <1 hour
  • Carbon Emissions: ~0.06 kg CO2 (calculated via ML CO2 Impact Calculator).

Citation

If you use this model, please cite it as follows:

@misc{junque2025emotion,
  title        = {Emotion and Bias Classification with Modern Encoders},
  author       = {Junqu\'e de Fortuny, Enric},
  year         = {2025},
  howpublished = {\url{https://huggingface.co/spaces/cirimus/emotion-detection}}
}
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